The Good, Bad and Ugly of Fracking Essay Example for Free

The Good, Bad and Ugly of Fracking EssayThere is a gold perk up going on right now. Man is breaking the earth, looking for inhering gas. Its a mad scene, with hucksters on every side of the issue. There is a lot going on underground and that process is called Fracking. The word alone basis stir up controversy. The process of extracting natural gas through hydraulic fracturing or fracking, might summon in someones imagination an environment and damaged communities. Natural gas hides from sight it is invisible. Perhaps envisioned a prettier pictureone that involves clean-burning fuel, job growth and affordable energy. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) states that fracking is the process of injecting large volumes of water, sand and chemicals into the ground at mettlesome pressure to break up shale formation allowing more efficient recovery of oil and gas (Walter). This practice has grown rapidly over the tier of the last decade thanks to improve d technologies, moreover it also has fostered debates concerning its environmental, health and safety impact along the way.The process of hydraulic fracturing shooting water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure into underground wells to release natural gas is a divisive issue. Some say it dumps chemicals into ground water supplies others argue it shakes earthquakes, and exempt others think it can revolutionize Americas energy industry. Environmentalists argue that fracking contaminates ground and surface water a charge the gas companies deny. Heres the problem the fracking process begins with a well drilled deep underground. Horizontal passages atomic number 18 then drilled outward from the bottom of the well.Water, sand and chemicals are wield at high pressure through the water is insignificant, and it has never been proven that those chemicals rise ground water supplies. On the other hand, environmentalists say the downward drilling process, if done poorly, releases chem icals into both ground and surface water. Both arguments are strong, which is why no one can agree whether fracking is a good or dreadful thing. The science is not settled arguments are hurled back and forth by both gas companies and environmentalists. On the earthquake issue, seismologists say it is possible fracking can cause small earthquakes.The British Geological Survey researched the Blackpool earthquakes, and the conclusion was reasonable. However, they did come back and say, the chances of getting a very large earthquake are insignificant (Walter). Meanwhile, a contaminated water supply is a hotly-debated issue there have been cases where fracking has polluted water supplies as a result of poor oversight and procedures, but it does seem that if done correctly, fracking is not nearly as environmentally disruptive as traditional oil and gas root.One thing that is settled are the benefits homegrown natural gas adds to the US energy industry. As chemist and author rich Trzupek wrote recently America has become, in the eyes of energy professions, the Saudi Arabia of natural gas thanks to shale gas. The doe estimates that shale gas reserves alone are 750 trillion cubic feet. (McGraw). Combines with other domestic sources of natural gas, the United enunciates has replete natural gas to last for over a century, and the numbers continue to climb.In areas where shale gas drilling is happening, the good times are rolling. Not exactly are people making money from the energy sales, jobs are created down the line, from the companies who support drilling operations down to the service industries that provide workers with food and tribute (McGraw). According to Carlton Carroll, American Petroleum Institute (API) the oil and natural gas industrys number one priority is safety. It is very important to hold up a perfect safety record but even one incident is way too many.In a December 2012 press release, API called the extraction from natural gas from shale the m ost important domestic energy development in the last fifty yearspoised to reshape American manufacturing. And bandings web site touts the practice for providing the United States with reliable, affordable, cleaner and responsibly produced energy (Walter). Developing these natural gas resources can help enhance the regions energy security, strengthen local and state economies, and fuel job growth.Many Americans, oppose any kind of pollution. However, here are reasons to support fracking 1. It can lead to our nation becoming energy independent 2. It will provide an enormous boost to our state and local economies 3. It has already driven down natural gas prices to the point where utilities are replacing dirty coal-fired power plants with cleaner natural gas-burning plans and increasingly vehicles are burning natural gas instead of dirtier throttle 4.It will provide many well-paying jobs to geologists, well drillers, office workers, truck drivers, construction workers, and many mor e. So what is the snagand how serious is it? Communities where fracking has taken place, notably in Ohio and Pennsylvania, protest the noise and scarring of the landscaping during the initial explorations. Restoration and compensation can better those concerns. The most significant fear is that the wastewater with chemicals from the fracking process, called, flowback, can contaminate the aquifers and drinking water.State regulators in Alaska, Colorado, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan, Oklahoma, Pennslvania, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming have stated that there have been no verified or documented cases of groundwater contamination as a result of hydraulic fracking (Zuckerman). The process uses about 99 percent water and sand, the rest being a solution of a few chemicals (Zuckerman). Most drilling experts have take a firm stand that it is highly improbable that fracking liquids will contaminate drinking water. Fortunately, no cases exist in which the fracking process itself has caused drilling liquids to contaminate drinking water.The issue then is whether the flowback bump can remain at acceptable levels. The real risk of water contamination comes from these flowback fluids leaking into streams or seeping down into groundwater after reaching the surface. This can be caused by leaky wellheads, holding tanks or blowouts. Wellheads are made sufficiently safe to prevent this eventuality holding tanks can be made stiff and blowouts, while problematic, are like all accidents caused by human error. The energy industry has long stressed that fracking and water contamination has never been definitibely linked.

18th Century English Poetry Essay Example for Free

18th Century English Poetry EssayEighteenth century poetry consisted of several types of literature including ode, elegy, epistle, verse tale, hymn, song b every(prenominal)ad and epigram. This layover is frowned upon by critics who compare the context of this era to that of another. They claim Eighteenth century poetry is considered frivolous because a great deal times the content lacked a true fragrance that poetry upheld for many centuries. Perhaps this is true, for the times of this period were changing and people were facing greater hardships in their daily lives. Melancholy plagued those who were greatly concerned with genial ills which may explain the presence of abstract and satiric themes that were heavily prevalent. Perspectives developd from the Renaissance period into Neoclassicism where individuals became secondary and a greater emphasis on the straight forrard mechanics of poetry existed ( Rowles). Although there were many artist noted among this genre of poet ry, William Blake established himself as a simple yet dramatic writer who utilize irony, nave subjects, and traditional ballad structure to baffle the many readers to come( Norton p. 2264).William Blake wrote The Chimney S express feelingser of Songs of Innocence in 1789. This poem is about young children who whose families were unable to thrill for them financially, therefore sent to work in English mines during the 18th century. These boys were often sold to master sweepers and in turn were treated inhumanely ( Arp and Johnson p.117).Blake took this harsh give-and-take of human feel to reveal serous well-disposed criticism of his European society. Their heads were shaved bare to prevent black soot from soiling their hair and often suffered from serious diseases. Now, one can understand why Blakes work was frowned upon by aristocracies and often viewed as insane as he strongly disapproved and openly dissented the social welfare programs in his country (Norton p.2268). There is no identifiable audience except for those that hear the third line of the first stanza, weep weep weep weep in the streets of England. This is interpreted as a childs attempt to sing Sweep Sweep, which was the chimney sweepers street cry.There are two ideas which evolve throughout the Chimney Sweeper. Depending on ones outlook, the first possibility is that Blake is stating no matter how detrimental life becomes, no matter how bad the church (government/law) is one forget be with God after death. Sadly children are celebrating the morality of this concept. The idea is if these children continue to work hard, eventually life will resume in the amicable heavens. This is revealed through a dream the little boy had when, an Angel who had a bright keyopened the coffins and set them all free. The last stanza completes this thought by stating, Though the aurora was cold, Tom was happy and warm, so if all do their duty they need not fear harm. The other possibility is a negative-toned b elief that children are conned into pass judgment their lives as slaves for adults. Either way, these boys are mocked by their nave states (Arp 117).Blakes use of dramatic irony is shining bright as he deliberately creates a blithe sound for six stanzas while simultaneously developing a drastically different meaning. Ironically, this poem shows that children succumb to a positive perspective on life and do not fear death for they are too young to understand the realm of the situation.In the first two lines, Blake gives us an image of a child in a state of agony or even in a state of corruption as he is left all alone with no parents. However, after a night full of merry dreams the boy wakes up feeling happy and warm. This leads the reader to believe life continues with no worries instead of completing the story with a boy whose future is bleak and laborious. Perhaps, although I doubt, Blake would desire the reader to believe that anyone has the ability to be content with a deplete d life so long as his/her dreams fulfill that empty space.Blake uses the image of two colors to represent the simplicity of this picture. The color black which holds hearty importance as it is used to represent death and corruption. Black is the color of the boys coffins in the little boys dream. The color black is also referenced to the soot which is filthiness that covers the boys as they perform their daily chores. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the color white represents purity and angelic-like spirit. The eighth line, Toms hair is white before his head is shaved. At this point, Tom is compared to feeble lamb, a symbol of the ultimate sacrificial animal, as he cries when his head becomes bare. And similar to biblical stories, Tom is naked and white when the angels convey him off to heaven where God will be his father. Blake creates an allusion by giving the reader a peace of mind while using God as a symbol for safety and care (Norton p. 2268).There is no discernible me ter for the poem, the beats jump anywhere from eight to twelve, with no repetition or pattern found. The Chimney Sweeper tone sounds very overmuch like a nursery rhyme. Similar to Rock-A-Bye-Baby, the sounds are sweet an innocent, but if you read the words, when the present break, the cradle will fall the words are quite disturbing. Like the dramatic irony established in this poem, tone presents itself as two-dimensional, sounding well-off but actually disheartening.Williams Blake writes an excellent poem in my opinion he used terms and ideas that we have studied in this course such as irony, symbolism and allusion. Although his language is simple rather than manipulating complicated words that Shakespeare prefers, I find his style easier to evaluate. Please do not get the wrong idea, by easy I mean a better understanding. Old world writers are fascinating, but often times are too difficult to comprehend, much less interpret. Not only did I learn about 18th century poetry, I also gained knowledge of Europe social ills of the time.Woks CitedArp, Thomas, and Greg Johnson. Sound and gumption An introduction to Poetry. 10th Ed. Heinle Heinle Boston, MA, 2002Hugo, Howard, and Patricia M. Spacks. Revolution and Romanticism in Europe and America. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Maynoard Mack.New York City, NY W.W. Norton Co. 1997. 2264 2268.Rowles, Kelly. Overview of 18th Century Poetry. New Jersey, 2004. Richard Stockton College of New Jersey. Aug. 2004 http//caxton.stockton.edu/pom/stories/storyReader$6

Islamophobia in the Media

Islamophobia in the MediaThe media is a means of communication which is usually made through television, radio, newspapers and other outlets that influence a wide amount of people. Moreover, the media causes moral panics of hatred and fear of crime, this including the medias role in the complaisant construction of crime and media amplification of crime. The relationship between crime and the media has been debated historically particularly in relation to general fears close to the harmful effects of the media.It is common observation that crisis such as wars, share markets, scandals often crowd the public policy making process. Crisis reveals the problems and public consensus emerges that policymakers must do just aboutthing about it. These crisis reveal broadcasters important role in community crisis information Saider 20061) choosing electronegative name for people or groups that powerful policymakers dislikes utilize positive names for describing wildly acts are part of me dia tricks.Numerous media campaigns are going on against Islam and Islamics. Multiple take trying to appearing a rough picture of Islam to their public. At the same time Islamics groups through various media are trying to convey their messages but in comparison to the global dominance of the western media their effects are somehow in vain.The media has responsibility of reporting fair and unbiased news stories. However, media are without delay blamed for overlooking the ethical issues when it comes to Islam. Although Islam is the fastest growing religion in the west, the west has many stereotypes and misconceptions about Islam that are due to the media, prejudice and ignorance. Islam is often looked upon the ultra terrorist funda kind religion. In contrast to what many westerners think of Islam is a peaceful religion, which does non promote any forms of uncalled violence or terrorist actions.A major divisor which contributes to Islamic stereotyping in the west due to the med ias selection of their words that describe Muslims. Some common name heard or seen in the news about Muslims are extremist or terrorist. These words are misleading any mainly are anti-Islamic. The media rarely use more words such as revivalist or progressive.Media reports about Muslims and Islam negatively. A great misconception that exists the truth about jehad which means the struggle in the path of God. However, the media abuses the meaning of Jihad by referring to it as a war in which Muslims un debateably kill non-believers. But the fact is that Jihad can mean a offsprings of things that a Muslims does for the sake of God. The media used this kind of a definition in their reports. The media often takes the word Jihad out of context to propagate negative views on Muslims.Media using the almost relevant example of the 9/11 event was to capitalise its political gain. The media depicts Islam as fundamentalism, extremist and radicalised religion. In a world were the role of the m edia is construe the image of reality can be manipulated by the author. The media tried to represent Muslims as terrorists posing a threat to security of countries. The elbow room the media writes about Muslims worldness terrorists and the way they portray them on TV, documentaries and many others it raises many questions for policy-makers and for general public like, what the cause of global terrorism is, whether all the Muslims are terrorists including children, women and why all Muslim people hate British people and many others. These types of questions progress to public panic around the Muslim communities and terrorist threats. However, a research by Whitaker (2002) suggested that Muslims are intolerant, ruddy and cruel. It likewise suggested that Muslims are inform mainly when they cause a trouble though negative stories that often come from other countries. They obviously have some effect on readers perceptions of Muslims in Britain. By doing so they try to justify th e wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. This led to the emergence of Islamophobia. However, little effort has been made to respond to their negative campaigns. On the contrary the act of terrorist groups who kill people especially western hostages help their media to show that they are collectively victims of terrorism.The medias short(p) representations of Islam are due to poor language translations, the absence of developed news agencies which interactional networks and native reporters and biased reporting by reporters. The public is often misinformed about the Muslims through the images on television, radio, singular stories in newspapers which promote strong message to the public. Reporters often say Muslims are terrorist. This becomes the common image to the general persons that all the Muslims are terrorists (Edwards Saids book, covering Islam 1997).The representation of muslims in the media relate to the lack of acceptances of differences. Media creates moral panics around terrori st threat. As one scholar said the war on terrorism is a war of images and the most utile images are those of terrorists victims. But other side we see divergence associated with Islamophobia. This represents that the muslims are threat to security. Negative coverage of muslims has led to the production of anti-Islamic films like Fitna by Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders. After 9/11 attacks most experts has talked about security issues but everyone sees to forget the other causes of attacks such as social and political. In Iraq war economic, social and political causes were forgotten. The representations on muslims in the media has to change. To improve the image of Islam and muslims it requires a strong effort from muslim communities. These efforts should include a comprehensive process of reforms. Muslims will never be able to improve their image in the world if they fail to appear as a nation of culture and civilisation. Some other alternatives should be undertaken to educat e other people about Islam, peace and tolerance and to clarify the incorrect views of Islam held by some people.Dr. Mona Amer, a psychologist conducted a research about the mental health of Muslims and Arab Americans in 2006, it shows us that afterwards 9/11 attacks many Muslims and Arabs suffer from anxiety, depression and even post-traumatic stress dis sight. Although the majority of participants in the study reported feeling safe to extremely safe to pre 9/11, more than 82% reported feeling severe post 9/11. Dr Amer noted that feeling unsafe is a predictor of post traumatic stress disorder. However this study ended up as a target of hate and discrimination after Dr. Amer research was reported in USA Today. Dr. Amer received death threats from strangers this also was mentioned in an word Muslims in America, post 9/11, by Rebecca the Great Compromiser whose research shows that the negative attitude towards Muslims has not decreased. Muslims receive constant negative messages th rough media about their religion and culture. Clearly it shows that Muslims often treated really severely even though its been 13 years of 9/11 attacks.On the other hand, sometimes the media seems to be biased against Muslim communities. When the media distorts the image of Islam and Muslims, the general public tend to believe it because the media is a major source of information that the public gets about Islam and Muslims. Whereas, it can be argued that Muslims in Britain and across the western sphere, have lenient their worries about the way Islam is portrayed in the media. Aside from the action in accuracies and negativity prevented in media discourse they feel that people and their perceptions of faith and beliefs are adversely affected by such representation. Ahmed, (1992) conducted a study which highlighted that the way some people see Islam and Muslims through media is one of the factors potentially contributing to social discrimination and disadvantage amongst Muslim mino rities.A report by the Guardian suggested that Muslim people in western media is typically stereotypical and negative. The report also suggested that the way the media talks and writes about Muslims would not be acceptable if the reference were to other minorities such as Jewish, Black and others. These studies showed that media shapes public opinion and covers reality by their censorship. It also demonstrated that TV, News, documentaries have the strongest influence on peoples views of Islam. Based on these arguments it could be argued that the way media covers terrorist attacks, the way portray the image of a Muslim who has been arrested or seen as suspected or general newspaper articles might have interpreted wrongly so it can increase the tension indoors Muslims and non-Muslims. Effect of these types of media Britain might feel threatened as they can believe that all the terrorist incidents happened they are all planned and conducted by Muslim people, in approaching they can p lan other attacks on Britain to take revenge. Thus creating create moral panics as they misinformed the public which then result in Muslim communities existence seen as terrorists and a threat to the UK. However, these reports could raise an awareness for general public to not to believe every news has been reported as the editor or author of that news coverage might have interpreted differently to exactly what happened to sell the copies of their newspapers, raise awareness of TV channels in order to make money.An internet survey of 1,360 people was carried out by global market insight, Muslims voice UK Queens University of Liverpool UK Muslims blame Islamphobia on the portrayal of their religion in media. Survey revealed that 40% Muslims blamed ant6i-Islamic feelings on Media, 74% non-Muslims blamed on 9/11 attacks. Non-Muslims are concerned about extremism, the lack of integration Muslims not being proud to be British and the lack oft tolerance by Muslims. However, the biggest t hreat to good Muslims and non-slip community is the misinformation on Islam in the media.The one of the most surprising media stories to come out after the years of 9/11 attack was international Burn a Quran Day, which was organised by parson Terry Joneson in Florida. This event on social media sites such as Facebook, twitter received thousands of likes and was covered greatly across the United States with Pastor was involved onto on CNN for an interview. However, muslims were rarely offered air time to express their opinions on the matters of how majority of the society is evidently anti-muslim. On the other hands, an news article by Akbar Ahmed (Burn Quran Day, an outrage to muslims, August, 20, 2010) suggests that burning a Quran has caused alarm in the muslim world and burning will have symbolic significance to the muslim world already feeling under attack by US. It also suggest that Gen.David Petraeus, the head of American forces in Afghanistan, has repeatedly expressed the ne ed for winsome the hearts of local people by treating them with dignity and respect. So when muslims will see their holy Quran book being burned it will create riots and that will put US troops at further risk. There will be similar riots in Pakistan and Iran. It will inflame the entire Muslim world and fuel the acts of terrorism. Therefore, it can be argued that media only fuelled the hatred that Americans felt towards all muslims which then leads them to burn the Holy Quran book. Only small number of people was responsible for 9/11 so we cant blame on all muslims but due to media representations all muslims gets the blame for 9/11.An article in magazine (muslims life in united states , post 9/11 portrayal and representation, 8/12,2014) shows us that 9/11 attacks was not number one of negative portrayals on Muslims in West. A paper published in 2010 by a sociology professor Nurrullah of Alberta University analyses the Hollywood series 24. the analyses suggest that show portrays s tereotypical images of muslims which led to increase in discrimination towards muslims. This paper also suggest that tensions between the West and Muslims are not new its phenomenon. Islam and Muslims are historically look down upon the west. The negative portrays of muslims in the media it began after the second world war with the development of technology. There is no doubt that negative media influence by the West after 9/11attacks were portrayed worldwide muslims and Islam in an even darker picture but 9/11 aside, the negative portrayal of muslims were already hang in stone with some westerners.To conclude, in the media Muslims are often portrayed through stereotypical representations and discourses in which they have no voice. Basically the media is the main reason of enlarging the gap between west and east. It keeps on pressing on the west and filling their minds with pictures, movies, news against Muslims which arent true. Since 9/11 attacks media keep portraying Muslim in n egative way such as terrorists and killer who attack innocent people without any reason and posing a threat to the security of countries. This creating a moral panic as they misinform the public by reporting that Muslims are intolerant, violent and cruel which then result in Muslim communities being seen as terrorists and a threat to the UK.

Types Of Database Management Systems

Types Of in setionbase Management musical arrangementsAs we know infobases argon being utilize to a greater extent than ever before to store and to access information. Due to the ease of maintenance and outstanding performance of infobases, the growth of selective informationbase technologies has been increasing rapidly. Moreoer database management system had thrived over World Wide Web. Different web-applications argon retrieving the stored selective information and the answers are displayed in a formatted form using web linguistic communications like XML. This essay talks more than or less the different Data Models for databases, and discusses their relative strengths and weaknesses.I will present the most common approaches for data modelling that are used by DBMSs (RDBMS, OODBMS, ORDBMS and XML ) giving a quick introduction to each of them we will compares and contrasts the approach treating them comparatively. entropy MODELSDatabase Model can be categorized according to the data structures and operators they present to the user. (Bloor, 2003)(1) E-R Model(2) vertical Data Model(3) Network Data Mode(4) Semi Structured Data Model(5) Relational Data Model (RDBMS)(6) disapprove Oriented Data Model (OODBMS)(7) Object Relational Data Model (ORDBMS)(8) Semi-structured data (XML)Among all data models menti unityd below, relative model followed by intention oriented and mark relational models enjoyed most popularity, we are going to define one by one and at the same time we are going to show their advantages and disadvantages.RELATIONAL DATABASE counsel SYSTEM (RDBMS)In RDBMS, all the data is in the form of simple columns and rows in a table. Each table is an individual and in babelike entity and we need non to use both physical pointers or physical links to connect the entities like what we used to have in network and hierarchical models. All data is maintained in the form of tables consisting of rows and columns. Data in two tables is related by common columns. Operators are provided for operating on rows in tables. Because of this, querying becomes very easy. This was one of the main reasons for the relational model to become more popular with programmers.The RDBMS structures data into relations (tables) which form a monotonous representation of the data into rows and columns. A relation contains tuples (rows) and each tuple represents a distinct disgrace in the table. A tuple consists of a set of unorganized attri exceptes (columns) providing detail for the record. Rows are assigned a unique identifier, similarly known as a primary key, by which the record can be accessed, manipulated, and referenced by other tables or applications. Columns store the attributes of a record, more commonly known as fields, and each attribute is assigned a data type.Structured Query Language (SQL) is identified and accepted as the meter query language and transaction mechanism for RDBMS. SQL queries can be used to access and return data from tables, define records and their attributes, and to view data from multiple tables through operations such as a join.(Dolk, 1998)Two of the most popular examples of RDBMS on-line(prenominal)ly on the market are Oracle and Microsoft Access.Advantages of RDBMSIn RDBMS system, the tables are simple, data is easier to understand and communicate with others.RDBMS is flexible, users do non have to use predefined keys to input information.Automatic optimization of searching is possible in RDBMSStructure Query language (SQL) is easier to learn and implement.It animations large and very large databases.RDBMS are more ingatheringive because SQL is easier to learn. This allows users to spend more time inputting instead of learning.Disadvantages RDBMSNot much efficient and good integrated make.Do not have enough storage area to handle data such as images, digital and sound recording/video.Relational tables are flat and do not provide good support for nested structures, such as set s and arrays. And in like manner certain kinds of relationships, such as sub-typing between database objects are bad to represent in this model.RDBMS technology did not take advantage of Object oriented programming concept, which is very popular because of its approach.All the data must be in the form of tables where relationships between entities are defined by values.2.2 OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (OODBMS)As you are aware, web and Internet habit is rapidly increasing nowadays. To meet the challenge of the web and to overcome the limitations of RDBMS, OODBMS was certain. OODBMS stands for Object oriented database management system, which we can define as it is a combination of Object Oriented Programming and Relational Database Management System. (Fong, 1997)Inheritances, data encapsulation, object identity, and polymorphism are the main characteristics of object-oriented programming. By defining mod objects, we can develop solvents to interwoven problems in inheritance. Objects are related and shared within a network and have an independent identity. The object identity (OID) plant behind the scenes to ensure the singularity of the tuples, which is invisible to the users. Moreover, no limitations are required on the values. If we take the same thing in RDBMS, then we have to worry about uniquely identifying tuples by their values and making sure that no two tuples have the same primary key values.On the other hand, polymorphism and dynamic binding are useful to create objects to provide etymons to the complex ones and to avoid coding for every object. These objects may be transient or persistent. By persistent object we inculpate the permanent object stored inside the database to survive the execution of data process and in order to eventually reuse it in another process. OODB deals with these objects in a uniform manner.To create, update, delete or to retrieve the persistent data, data definition language and data manipulation lan guages are important in OODBMS. These languages are besides useful to define a database, including creating, altering and dropping tables and to ensure the integrity constraints in tables. Object Query Language (OQL) is the standard query language for OODBMS. OQL uses sentence structure similar to SQL and is rarely used since the basic functionality of queries in intrinsic to object-oriented programming languages.(Chaterjee, 2005)Advantages of OODBMSMore semantic informationSupport for complex objectsExtensibility of data typesMay meliorate performance with efficient cachingVersioningReusabilityInheritance speeds development and applicationPotential to integrate DBMSs into single environmentDisadvantages OODBMSStrong opposition from the established RDBMSsLack of theoretical foundation garmentThrowback to old pointer systemsLack of standard ad hoc query languageLack of business data design and management toolsSteep learning curveLow market presenceLack of compatibility between di fferent OODBMSs2.3 OBJECT RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ORDBMS)Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) is an extended development of existing relational database system. To overcome the certain limitations and to increase the performance level, and to achieve the benefits of relational model and object model, ORDBMS technology evolved by corporate trust the relational databases and object oriented concepts.We can incorporate our custom data types, functions, operators and methods with the database and we can store images, geographical information and multimedia objects such as audio and video, it allows us to raise the level of abstraction at which we want to view the problem domain. In ORDBMS limited support of object oriented features, mostly to new data types. Moreover, it supports abstract data types (ADTs) and complex relationships.ORDBMSs have the same query centric approach to data management as we have in RDBMS. with declarative SQL statements, we can handle the data access and there is no procedural or object-at-a-time, navigational interface. ORDBMS allows us to continue using our existing systems, without having to stumble major changes. In simple words, we can say that ORDBMSs synthesize the features of RDBMSs with the best ideas of OODBMSs. (Cigler, 1999)Advantages of ORDBMSAbility to query complex applications and ability to handle large and complex applications minify Network Traffic queries and complex instructions can be executed on the innkeeper (as opposed to clients)Application and Query Performance Parallel server technology can be employed Software Maintenance data and methods are stored on the server and makes maintenance easierIntegrated Data and Transaction Management. The database railway locomotive handles all transaction integrity, backup, etc., issuesDisadvantages of ORDBMSModeling and processing support of complex objects and their versions, large objects, semantic-rich relationships, etc. is only rudimen tary or even missing in current ORDBMSsORDBMSs have to be complemented by adequate client-side data management and long-running design transactions encapsulating the client processing model, in order to provide satisfactory support for technical applicationsLow performance in web applications2.4 XMLTo understand XML is important to understand its roots as a markup language documents. The term trademark is any element in a document that it is not intended to be part of the printed output.. In an electronic document processing a markup language is a formal description of what is contained in the document, which part is brand and what the brand stands for.As well as database systems evolved from the physical processing of files to provide a logical isolation, the markup language specification developed from the instructions indicating how to print parts of the document for the contents.. Such functional brand allows the document to have different formats in different situations. It als o helps different parts of a long document, or different pages in a large Web site, have a uniform format. The brand works also helps automatic extraction of key parts of the documents. For the family of markup languages in which includes XML makes the form of tags enclosed in angle brackets . Labels are used in pairs, and defining the graduation exercise and end of the portion of document to which the label refers.Compared to storing data in a database, the XML representation may bet inefficient, since tag names are repeated passim the document. However, despite this disadvantage, an XML representation has significant advantages when used for data exchange, for example, part of a message.First, the presence of tags makes the message is self documenting,Second, the document format is not rigid. The ability to jazz and ignore the unexpected labels allows the format of the data evolve over time without invalidating existing applications.Finally, since the XML format is widely acce pted there are a variety of tools available to aid processing, including search software and database tools. As is the dominant language SQL to query relational data in XML is becoming the dominant format for data exchange.Where Object Databases have Object Query Language (OQL), XML Databases have XQuery which is a W3C standard. XQuery covers the major functionality from former language proposals like XML-QL, XQL, OQL and the SQL standard. (Dodds, 2010)Advantages of XMLHeterogeneity Where each record can contain different data fields.Extensibility Where new types of data can be added at will and dont need to be determined in advance.flexibleness Where data fields can vary in size and configuration from instance to instance.It often requires no or little work during XML outline evolution.Disadvantages of XML map your XML format to a relational schema leads to a large number of tables.Your XML Schema is highly variable or tends to change over time.Annotating an XML Schema can be comp lex, if the schema itself is complex.Using XML as your database will work fine as long as your datasets stay relatively small. Once your data grows to the point where it will not all fit in memory, you will probably start seeing serious performance degradation.RDBMS, OBJECT ORIENTED and XML DATA MODELS COMPARATION AND CONTRAST3.1 COMPARING RDBMS and OODBMSRelational databases have as their objective to ensure data independence. Normalized data are separated from processing and the processing corresponding to strong informational requirements need not be totally pre-defined, thus accepting ad-hoc requirements too.Object oriented databases have as their main objective encapsulation, being stored together with the data and the methods. They are inseparable. It is said that we have to do with an independence of classes and not with an independence of data.An OODBMS and not an RDBMS is needed when in the reference applications we have to do with complex data.The object oriented database markets will continue to develop, but they will still (represent) only a fraction of the traditional databases.It is appreciated that RDMSs hold the largest part of the largest part of the data-bases. solely the prospect is that they will still co-exist for a long time future with the OODBS3.2 COMPARING RDBMS with the ORDBMSAn ORDBMS is a relational DBMS with SQL3 extensions.SQL3 extensions include row types, user-defined types and user-defined routines, polymorphism, inheritance, reference types and object identity, collection types (ARRAYs), new language constructs that make SQL computationally complete, triggers and support for language objects.A RDBMS is characterized by simplicity and increased stability as compared to an ORDBMS, and this fact confers it the flavour of being easily used.A mechanism to plug in any user defined index structure provides the highest level of flexibility.Both DBMSs are characterized by simplicity of development owing to the fact that it provides independence of data from applications good for simple relationships.RDBMS is a mature software product while ORDBMS is an immature product (extensions are new, thy are still being de-fined and are relatively unproven.3.3 COMPARING OODBMS with ORDBMSOODBMSs and ORDBMSs both support user-defined ADTs, structured types, object identity and reference types, and in-heritanceThey both support a query language for manipulating collection typesORDBMSs support an extended form of SQL, and OODBMSs support ODL/OQLORDBMSs consciously try to add OODBMS features to an RDBMS, and OODBMS in their turn have developed query languages based on relational query languagesBoth OODBMSs and ORDBMSs provide DBMS functionality such as concurrency control and recoveryOODBMSs try to add DBMS functionality to a programming language, whereas ORDBMSs try to add richer data types to a relational DBMS3.4 XML AND OODBMSXML data does not need to be instantiated as objects in OO principle in order to be processed an d presented to users. Instead, XML data can be decorated and enriched with tags, and these tags can be processed and understoodXML Schema may seem very OO-like at the first glance, but in fact it is missing some important OO-like capabilities. For instance, there is no element-level polymorphism.OO programming is intended to optimize the programmer, not the value or return of the data. XML, on the other hand, is intended to optimize the data. If you use XQuery with XML for all data representations, and never write any OO code, you optimize the datas usefulness and accessibility, because data in XML can be accessed and processed by almost any software on the market. Data in an object database cant.3.5 XML AND RDBMS. Many developers in the search for greater flexibility think their options are limited to the relational model.Some think that store everything in XML format, reducing the difference between object-oriented applications and relational databases.The relational model is lim ited, limits are needed to meet the data integrity. In XML, the data structure is more relaxed but it exists.XML schemas are very volatile business, but very stable in other situations. Not being able to find a structure that adapts to a problem of a company, does not dream up that this structure does not exist.XML model should be used if the data are scarce, this is to have many unknowns, or columns (fields) do not apply to all rows (records). The solution to this problem is to introduce subtypes or implement an open scheme in the relational model. Introducing subtypes can lead to many new tables, with an open schema solution in the relational model can lead to dynamic and complex SQL statements. An XML-based solution might be best.ConclusionsFrom my point of view the future of Internet-based business applications is dependent on their ability to exchange information between different data stores or database systems. Every day more data such as images, digital and audio/video data types need to be transported from one application to another one through the Net. Because relational databases store data as two-dimensional tables, they are not ideally suited for data manipulation, since data itself may be expressed in the form of complex structures, object-oriented languages appears to be much more efficient, expressing data as objects with rich features including inheritance, polymorphism and encapsulation for maintaining relationships between objects..However, large amounts of data across the earth are still typically stored in RDBMS when the data from an object-oriented world is persisted in a two-dimensional table format hierarchical relationships between objects arent preserved, making persistence and recovery of data a complex task. The addition of an OODBMS in the RDBMS environment may require modifications in the existing databases in order to enable communication and data access among them. Moreover, the retrieval and search in many cases wouldnt be e fficient as we expect.As we have seen in my document XMLs express purpose is to provide a mechanism for the expression of data structures so it might be a big opportunity to unify the technology providing the bridge between these two kinds of persistence systems and makes it unnecessary for example object and relational databases solutions of direct conversion between one another. Here we realise that despite the differences, the RDBMS and OODBMS could live in agreement whit XML and offer their advantages for todays e-business solutions.

Accounting Ratio Analysis And Comparison Of Companies Finance Essay

business organisation relationship symmetry Analysis And Comparison Of Companies Finance Essay1) head 1Find the most recent mo makeary statements for two companies of same beau monde industry which argon listed in KLSE (Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange).Evaluate the financial position and per leapance for severally of these two companies using accounting dimension analysis. You be neededto compute and comp be the accounting ratio between these two companies, and conclude the results of your finding. The limitations or problems of using accounting ratios for performance analysis should be included in your conclusion.entify and discuss cardinal several(predicate) ways for tape transportring capital or p bentage from saves to borrowers in the financial foodstuff.Table of content PageQuestions 1Introduction for call into question 1 3 7Calculation for Gamuda and WCT Berhad 8 14The ratio similarity between two companies 15 16Conclusion 17Question 2 18 24Bibliography 25App endix 262) Question 1IntroductionAccounting ratios are the ratios that expressed and counted based on the financial statement of a fellowship. Besides that, accounting ratios are as well as mathematical functionful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation. Most of the ratios can be calculated from the tuition that is provided by the financial statements. Each type of accounting ratio provides an important data about a firms ability to repay its debts, its financial standing, and the potential for remuneration and how valuable stocks or investings in the social club are. On top of that, accounting ratio also can be utilize to analyze the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from the information in a companys financial statements. Accounting ratios are a valuable and easy to interpret the numbers that is found in statements. When computer science financial relationships, a good indication of the companys financial strengths and weaknesses be comes clear. Accounting ratio analysis the ratios into categories which tell us about different facets of a companys finances and operations. The chase types of accounting ratios that is utilize, pellucidity ratiosAsset turnover ratiosFinancial leverage ratios serviceability ratiosDividend policy ratiosThe purpose of an accounting ratio is to make financial reports regarding the performance of a company in a specified period normally by a year. These financial reports are later made available to the tax authorities, investors and de nonationors of the firm. Accounting ratios are calculated and grouped into five different categories for measuring the five different aspects of the business performance. There are five aspects of business measured by an accounting ratio. get aheadability of companyLiquidity of companyAsset focus of companyDebts management and cogwheel of companymart range of investment to medium parcelholders and leafy vegetable stockholdersThe formula for acco unting ratio that are used to measure each aspect or area of business by accounting ratios areProfitability of companyGross shekels markup (%) = Gross profit Cost of goods sold 100Gross profit margin (%) = gross profit net gross sales value 100Operating profit margin (%) = operating profit forrader enliven and before taxation net sales valuex100Profit margin on sales (%) = net income available to uncouth stockholders mesh topology sales value -100Basic earning antecedent (BEP) = operating profit before kindle and before taxation summation assets 100Return on nub assets (ROA) = net income available to common stockholders sum assets 100Return on common fairness (ROE) = net income available to common stockholders common equityx100Liquidity of companyCurrent ratio/working capital ratio = latest assets current liabilitiesLiquid ratio/quick ratio/acid-test ratio = liquid assets current liabilitiesAsset management of companyInventory turnover or stock turnover = hail of sales average stock value OR cost of sales closing stock valueTotal assets turnover = net sales heart assetsDebtor ratio = debtor credit sales twenty-four hour periods sales outstanding (DSO) = debtor credit sales 365 daysDebts management and capital gearing of companyDebts ratio = total debts total assetsDebts equity ratio = total debts common equityTimes refer earned = profit before interest and before taxation interest chargesMarket value of investment to commonplace shareholders/common stockholdersEarnings per share = net income available to common stockholders number of quotidian shares in unloosenPrice/ cabbage ratio = foodstuff impairment per nondescript share earnings per shareEarnings yield = gross earnings per share market price per ordinary share 100Market price/book value ratio = market price per ordinary share net book value per ordinary shareBesides that, there are three methods to compare accounting ratios for business performance crite rion which are inter-temporal comparison between two periods, inter-firms comparison between two companies and comparison with industry averages. The two companies that are selected for business performance measurement are Gamuda Berhad and WCT club Berhad. Gamuda Berhad is a Malaysia-based investment holding company which is the most famous in civil engineering construction. The industry of this company also operates in three business segment which involves engineering and construction, construction of highways and bridges, airfield facilities, railway, water treatment plants, dams and general and trading services. WCT Berhad is a Malaysia-based company which provides the provision of engineering services. The Company operates in three segments civil engineering and construction, civil engineering works specializing in earthworks, infrastructure works, and property development. The information for these two companies which are required for business performance is measurement by ac counting ratios in income statements and balance sheets of the two companies.Ratio with formula(Profitability of company)Calculation for 1st company(Gamuda Berhad)Calculation for 2nd company(WCT Berhad)Gross Profit Markup(%)=Gross profit=2455143000-1580125000-363348000-8595000-19973000-19260000-40866000=RM422976000Cost of goods sold =1580125000+363348000+8595000+19973000+19260000+40866000=RM2032167000=20.81%Gross profit=RM354659000Cost of goods sold=RM4311943000=8.23%Gross Profit Margin(%)=Net sales value=2455143000-0=2455143000Gross profit=2455143000-1580125000-363348000-8595000-19973000-19260000-40866000=422976000=17.23%Gross profit=RM354659000Net sales value=sales break inwards=4666602000-0=RM4666602000=7.60%Operating Profit Margin On Sales(%)=Net sales value=2455143000-0=2455143000Operating profit before interest and taxation=259852000=10.58%Operating profit before interest and taxation=RM244145000Net sales value=sales give up inwards=4666602000-0=RM4666602000=5.23%Profit Ma rgin On Sales(%)=Net income available to common stockholders=280693000Net sales value=2455143000-0=2455143000=11.43%Net income available to common stockholders=RM147098000Net sales value=sales return inwards=4666602000-0=RM4666602000=3.15%Basic Earning Power=Operating profit before interest and taxation=RM259852000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=2347737000+4203173000=RM6550910000=3.97%Operating profit before interest and taxation=RM244145000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=RM1925297000+RM2553187000=RM4478484000=5.45%Return On Total Assets=Net income available to common stockholders=RM280693000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=2347737000+4203173000=RM6550910000=4.28%Net income available to common stockholders=RM147098000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=RM1925297000+RM2553187000=RM4478484000=3.28%Return On Common lawfulness=Net income available to common stockholders=RM280 693000Common equity= characterless share capital + Reserves=2025888000+1231637000=RM3257525000=8.62%Net income available to common stockholders=RM147098000Common equity= average share capital + Reserves + Share premium=388856000+369256000+492134000=RM1250246000=11.77%Ratio with formula(Liquidity of company)Calculation for 1st company(Gamuda Berhad)Calculation for 2nd company(WCT Berhad)Current Ratio=Current assets=RM4203173000Current liabilities=RM1930241000=2.181Current assets=RM2553187000Current liabilities=RM1807550000=1.411Acid-test ratio=Liquid assets=Current assets Inventories=4203173000-79738000=RM4123435000Current liabilities=RM1930241000=2.141Liquid assets=Current assets- Inventories=2553187000-113709000=RM2439478000Current liabilities=RM1807550000=1.351Ratio with formula(Asset Management of Company)Calculation for 1st company(Gamuda Berhad)Calculation for 2nd company(WCT Berhad)Inventory Turnover=Cost of goods sold=1580125000+363348000+8595000+19973000+19260000+40866000=R M2032167000Closing inventories or stock=RM79738000=25.49 measureCost of goods sold=RM4311943000Closing inventories or stock=RM113709000=37.92 timesTotal Assets Turnover=Net sales value=sales return inwards=2455143000-0=RM2455143000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=2347737000+4203173000=RM6550910000=0.37 timesNet sales value=sales return inwards=4666602000-0=RM4666602000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=RM1925297000+RM2553187000=RM4478484000=1.04 timesDebtor Ratio=Debtor or receivables=RM1607772000Credit sales=RM2455143000=0.651Debtor or receivables=1206971000+265684000=RM1472655000Credit sales=RM4666602000=0.321Day Sales Outstanding=Debtor or receivables=RM1607772000Credit sales=RM2455143000=237.25 days OR=0.65-365days=237.25 daysDebtor or receivables=1206971000+265684000=RM1472655000Credit sales=RM4666602000=116.8 days or=0.32-365days=116.8 daysRatio with formula(Debts Managements of company)Calculation for 1st company(Gamuda Berhad)Calculation for 2nd company(WCT Berhad)Debts Ratio=Total debts=total non-current liabilities + current liabilities=1312946000+1930241000=RM3243187000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=2347737000+4203173000=RM6550910000=0.501Total debts=total non-current liabilities +current liabilities=1183958000+1807550000=RM2991508000Total assets=total non-current assets + total current assets=1925297000+2553187000=RM4478484000=0.671Debts Equity Ratio=Total debts=total non-current liabilities + current liabilities=1312946000+1930241000=RM3243187000Common equity= average share capital + Reserves=2025888000+1231637000=RM3257525000=11Total debts=total non-current liabilities +current liabilities=1183958000+1807550000=RM2991508000Common equity=Ordinary share capital + Reserves + Share premium=388856000+369256000+492134000=RM1250246000=2.391Times Interest Earned Or Interest Cover=Operating profit before interest and taxation=RM259852000Interest charge or cost=RM4381300 0=5.93 timesOperating profit before interest and taxation=RM244145000Interest charge or cost=RM50308000=4.85 timesRatio with formula(Market Value of enthronisation to Stockholders of Company)Calculation for 1st company(Gamuda Berhad)Calculation for 2nd company(WCT Berhad)Earnings Per Share=Net income available to common stockholders=RM280693000Number of ordinary shares issue or ordinary share capital=2025888000 shares=RM 0.14Net income available to common stockholders=RM147098000Number of ordinary shares issue or ordinary share capital=388856RM0.50=777712 shares=RM0.19Price Earnings Ratio=Market price per ordinary share=RM3.20Earnings per share=RM0.14=22.86 timesMarket per ordinary share=RM2.60Earnings per share=RM0.19=13.68 timesEarnings Yield=Gross earnings per share=10075 Rm0.14=0.187Market price per ordinary share=RM3.20=5.83%Gross earnings per share=10075-RM0.19=0.253Market price per ordinary share=RM2.60=9.74%Market Price Per Book Value=Market price per ordinary share=RM3.20 Net book value per ordinary share=Common equity / ordinary share in issue= Common equity=Ordinary share capital + Reserves=2025888000+1231637000=RM3257525000Number of ordinary shares issue or ordinary share capital=2025888000 shares==Rm1.61==1.991Market price per ordinary share=RM2.60Net book value per ordinary share=common equity / ordinary share in issueCommon equity=Ordinary share capital + Reserves + Share premium=388856000+369256000+492134000=RM1250246000Number of ordinary shares issue or ordinary share capital=388856RM0.50=777712 shares==RM1.61==1.611Profitability of companyGross profit markup, Gross profit margin, Operating profit margin, Basic earning power, and return on total asset of Gamuda Berhad is high than the second company that is WCT Berhad. This indicates that the company was effective in controlling the expenditures. Besides that, for Basic earning power and Return on common equity, the beginning company is lower than the second company. This is because the inef fective use of assets and capital employed in business activities are at higher costs to reduce the production volume and sales volume.Liquidity of companyThe current ratio and the Acid test ratio for the companies Gamuda Berhad is higher than the second company WCT Berhad because the has the Gamuda Berhad highest amount of current assets and also highest amount of liquid assets that can be used to finance its current liabilities so that the company has highest liquidity to finance its short-term liabilities and also got chances to face short-term liabilities financial problem.Asset Management of companyThe gillyflower turnover for the Gamuda Berhad is much lower than the WCT Berhad because Gamuda has a slow stock turnover in the business which kept in store was very slowly interpreted out for resale, resulting large amount of stock accumulated to tie up money, which were having poor inventory management. For total assets turnover, the first company is low than the WCT because the Gamuda has a concluding sales from the assets indicating that company was inefficiently using the assets in business. On top of that, debtor ratio and day sales outstanding of the first company is higher than the WCT because the company got longer credit time to collect money slowly from debtors so that the balance is collected to tie up money and thus, having poor management on debtor collection.Debts ManagementThe debts ratio for the Gamuda is less than the second company because the Gamuda got lower debts burden with smaller amount of debts and also bearing low interest cost to the available profit. Therefore, times interest earned for the Gamunda is much higher than the WCT because it has a bearing high interest charges to the available profit.Market value of investment to stockholdersEarnings per share and earnings yield for the Gamuda is less than the WCT which indicates that the company has less growth in business profit , resulting lower net income available to each unit s hare , being less attractive and lower value to the common stockholders. Due to lower earnings per share, stockholders have to use more times of profit earning, more times of net cash inflow and a longer period to recover back their share investment. Besides, the price earnings ratio for the Gamuda is higher than the WCT. Market price per book value for the Gamuda is higher than the WCT that shows the company share price has inequitably risen up above its real asset value or book value for not being realistic to the stockholders.ConclusionAs a conclusion, I entrust like to choose WCT Berhad because this company has a better performance in the business and here are some goods points of this company. On top of that, the WCT berhad company also have the highest Basic earning power and Return on common equity which is meant to increase the production volume and sales volume at lower costs as well as to increase the profit earning. Other than that, WCT berhad also has the is highest Inv entory turnover which indicates a dissolute stock turnover where the goods purchased kept in store are fast taken out for resale so that the stock is not accumulated and money is not tied up with stock. Thus, the WCT berhad company did not face any short-term liabilities, and they are stable. The different firms using different financial policies which are also the comparison problems in inter firm.Question 2DefinitionFinancial markets are an judicature for the people who are shortcoming of money and want to borrow money. Besides that, each financial market has different ways of financial methods in terms of its maturity and the asset backing it. Different financial markets have different ways of serving customers and operate different types the country. Financial markets dissent from physiological asset markets because it is called tangible asset markets or real asset markets to deal with the tangible and somatic manufacture such as machinery, computer and other physical assets .Physical asset market and financial market can also work as the future or decimal point market. Future market defines as the deals being sold for on the future delivery at some future date such as a year into the future whereas the spot market is define as the deals is being bought on the spot delivery within a few days. There are many types of various in financial market for an example such as money markets, capital markets, mortgage markets, consumer credit markets, primary markets, secondary markets, initial populace offering (IPO) market and last but not least private market. bullion marketsMoney market is a market dealing with short-term financial methods. Money market methods are include bankers acceptance, commercial paper, federal funds, treasury bills, and highly liquid debt securities which funds are contributeed or borrowed for a short periods of less than one year. Money market is a segment of the financialmarket in which financial instruments with high liquidity and very short maturities are traded. The money marketis used by participants as a means for borrowing andlending in the short term, from several days to just under a year. Money markets do not have a fixed physical location. A money market fund is also called a mutual fund that empower in money market securities.Capital marketsFinancial market that works as a conduit for demand and supply of primarily long term debt and equity capital. It impart the money provided by savers and depository institutions banks, credit unions, and insurance companies to the borrowers and investors through a variety of financial instruments called securities. It transports the money that is provided by depository institution and savers to invest or borrow through choices of financial methods called securities. Capital market also runs as an interchange for trading existing that request on capital in the form of shares or stock.Mortgage marketsA market for loans to people and organizations buying property a market for mortgages those has been bought by financial institutions and are then traded as asset backed securities. This arrangement will sum up the transaction in commercial mortgage, multi-family residential mortgage, home mortgage and farm mortgage. The holders of mortgage including the lenders that both bristle the investment and change them as assets, such as thrift institution, commercial banks and insurance companies as well as those institutions that gets the loans in the secondary market.Consumer credit marketsConsumer credit market is about a borrower uses any line of credit or loan to purchase goods services at the retail level. The cost of credit is the surplus amount, over and above the amount borrowed, that the borrower has to pay. It includes interest, arrangement fees and any other charges. Consistently, consumer credit finances can be use at any asset that it will minimize quickly and it is not use for investment purpose. Loans for education, vacation or cars ar e also examples of consumer credit. However, consumer credit does not include loans that are for real estate. primary(a) marketsPrimary market consists of the first buyers and issuer of the issues. Investors who buy shares in a new security issue meant they are buying from the primary market. Besides that, investors who purchase bonds and stocks in the primary market normally are not refundable commissions because the fees for selling the issue are built into its price and collected by the issue. junior-grade marketsThis market in which the existing and already purchases a security or other financial assets are able to trade among the investors after they have been issued by the institutions or can. Secondary markets is a market which investor buys a security from another investor rather than the issuer, the consequences to the original issue in the primary market is also called as aftermarket.Initial public offering (IPO) marketIPO is the first sale of stock to a company. Furtherm ore, the most common reason is by offering securities or shares to the public for the first time. The most difficult part of an IPO is to find out the proper price to initially proffer the new stock. If the price is too high, the buyers will not be interested but if its too low, the company will sacrifice a lot of money that might have been made if others are higher. closed-door marketPrivate markets in financial transactions are worked out directly and privately between the two parties without going to the public where the transactions may be structured in any manner to those who appeals to the two parties. The three different ways for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market are direct transfer from savers to borrowers, indirect transfer from savers to borrowers through investment banking home and indirect transfer from savers to borrowers through a financial intermediary.Direct transfer from savers to borrowersDirect transfer takes place whe n an organization issues and sells its stock or shares immediately to the savers without passing through any other financial institution so that the organization as borrower immediately delivers its securities to the saver who in turn gives money to the organization. By this, the fund or capital is immediately transferred from savers to the organization or borrower. study corporations securities to calling Corporation - Savers(Borrower) (Money Lender) Receive capital of fund fromIndirect transfer from savers to borrowers through investment banking houseThis takes place when investment underwrites the issuance of a cooperations securities and where the contributors bank serves as a middleman to facilitate the issuance by buying the securities of the organization and then resell the same securities of the organization to the savers so that the money paid by the savers for buying of organizations securities are passed by the investment bank and will be received by the organization whic h acts as borrower.Issue Corporations Resell corporationsSecurities to Securities toBusiness Investment -Savers (MoneyCorporation Banking House Lender)Receive fund from Receive fund fromIndirect transfer from savers to borrowers through a financial intermediaryThis takes place when a financial intermediary also know as a bank or a mutual fund that is obtain fund that are from the savers and by issuance its own certificate or securities of deposit to the savers. Then, the financial intermediary uses the fund that is collected from the savers to buy and to hold the securities of other company as contributors. In this case, the fund or the capital is transferred from the saver to financial intermediary when the saver has pay the money to the financial intermediary in interchange for receiving a certificate if securities or deposit issued by the financial intermediary. Therefore, the financial intermediaries will incredibly increase the efficiency of money and capital markets. This i s shown in the following diagram Issue corporations securities toIssue intermediarys own securities toBusiness Corporation -Financial intermediary Savers(Borrow) (Money Lender) Receive fund from Receive fund fromInvestment banking houseThe investment banking house runs by buying all the new security issue from a company or organization at one price and selling the issue with a smaller unit to the investing public at a inadequate high price to cover the expenses of sale and earn a profit. The company or corporation that distributes and underwrites the new issue of business organizations securities to assist the organization to collect fund for financing.Financial intermediariesSince the financial intermediaries are usually very large and they have dispatch economies of scale in analyzing the creditworthiness of those borrowers potential in collecting and processing loans. There are many type or various in financial intermediaries and those are commercial banks, nest egg and loan experiences, mutual savings fund, credit unions, pension funds, life insurance companies and mutual funds.Commercial banksCommercial banks are totally different from investment banks because commercial banks, they lend out money to the borrowers whereas the investment banks, they assist business company to raise fund or capital from the savers.Savings and loan associationsSavings and loan associations served residential and commercial mortgage borrowers where they likes to collect money or funds from those small savers and lend out this money to his house buyers or any other types of borrowers.Mutual savings fundMutual savings fund and savings and loan associations are almost the same process because they also accept savings from individual savers and lend out the money on a long-term basis to his house buyers and consumers.Credit unionsThis is a cooperative association which members are supposed to have something in common, so that the association collects funds from members and t hen lend to other members who need money to finance their house mortgage, house improvement and auto purchases.Pension fundsThis is a retirement plans that given by the organization or government agencies for their employee and administered primarily from the life insurance companies or the trust departments of commercial banks.Life insurance companiesLife insurance companies collect funds in the term of annual premiums and then invest back in to real estate, bonds, mortgages and shares, after that they will make their payments to the beneficiaries of the insured parties.Mutual fundsMutual funds will collect savings from those savers and then use the savings to buy shares, short-term debt and long-term bonds method

My Agony is More Noble Than Your Pain :: Essays Papers

My worrying is More Noble Than Your PainIn a world where an infallibly spotless(prenominal) God oversees justice, the source of all charitable throe is known and understood. While this may not make the pain of the punishment He assigns any less agonizing, it at least lends it clarity. When Job loses his family and his fortune, he without delay knows with whom to take up his case. However, in a world where the gods do not determine all human actions and exert their influence arbitrarily, ones misfortune is wholly ones own to bear, no matter how unmerited it may be. Sophocles emphasizes this human nerve of injustice in Electra and Philoctetes, placing both main characters in a position of undeserved suffering caused largely by human actions. Electra and Philoctetes are in a situation comparable to Jobthey were wronged by powers mightier than themselves and bringing those powers to justice is an arduous or downright impossible task. Both characters must decide whether to cling t o their suffering because it is just, at the expense of their humanity or their lives, or to relinquish it in post to rejoin society either literally, in Philoctetess case, or metaphorically in Electras. Where Job could not feasibly punish God, and was therefore left with only the selection between abandoning or maintaining his faith in the face of injustice, the world of exacting and human injustice opens a new avenue to end suffering revenge. Electra immediately seizes on this as her only bank of salvation and sets the machinery to accomplish it in motion by sending Orestes off with Pedagogus after her fathers murder. However, this shifts her sustain of the revenge out of her hands and, while her communication with Orestes keeps the prospect slopped enough to obsess her, it also renders her entirely passive to his will. The chorus repeatedly rebukes her for her self-inflicted misery, claiming that vigour will assuage it once it has been too deeply entrenched. They say, If pa st the leap of sense you dwell in grief that is cureless, with sorrow unending, you will only bankrupt yourself, in a matter where evil knows no deliverancewhy do you seek it? (Electra, 140-145). Electra does not refute the truth of their speech, focusing instead on her admiration of those who cling to suffering. In contrast, whatever desire for vengeance Philoctetes has towards those who wronged him, he can only direct it through curses and appeals to the gods because he has no reasonable hope of punishing Odysseus and the Atridae himself.My Agony is More Noble Than Your Pain Essays PapersMy Agony is More Noble Than Your PainIn a world where an infallibly righteous God oversees justice, the source of all human suffering is known and understood. While this may not make the pain of the punishment He assigns any less agonizing, it at least lends it clarity. When Job loses his family and his fortune, he immediately knows with whom to take up his case. However, in a world where the gods do not determine all human actions and exert their influence arbitrarily, ones misfortune is wholly ones own to bear, no matter how undeserved it may be. Sophocles emphasizes this human aspect of injustice in Electra and Philoctetes, placing both main characters in a position of undeserved suffering caused largely by human actions. Electra and Philoctetes are in a situation comparable to Jobthey were wronged by powers mightier than themselves and bringing those powers to justice is an arduous or downright impossible task. Both characters must decide whether to cling to their suffering because it is just, at the expense of their humanity or their lives, or to relinquish it in order to rejoin society either literally, in Philoctetess case, or metaphorically in Electras. Where Job could not feasibly punish God, and was therefore left with only the choice between abandoning or maintaining his faith in the face of injustice, the world of arbitrary and human injustice opens a new av enue to end suffering revenge. Electra immediately seizes on this as her only hope of salvation and sets the machinery to accomplish it in motion by sending Orestes off with Pedagogus after her fathers murder. However, this shifts her control of the revenge out of her hands and, while her communication with Orestes keeps the prospect close enough to obsess her, it also renders her entirely passive to his will. The chorus repeatedly rebukes her for her self-inflicted misery, claiming that nothing will assuage it once it has been too deeply entrenched. They say, If past the bounds of sense you dwell in grief that is cureless, with sorrow unending, you will only destroy yourself, in a matter where evil knows no deliveranceWhy do you seek it? (Electra, 140-145). Electra does not refute the truth of their speech, focusing instead on her admiration of those who cling to suffering. In contrast, whatever desire for vengeance Philoctetes has towards those who wronged him, he can only direct it through curses and appeals to the gods because he has no reasonable hope of punishing Odysseus and the Atridae himself.

Against His Will :: Homosexuality Short Story Essays

Against His WillImagine waking up every morning and looking in the reverberate knowing that the reflection is only an illusion of ones inner being. As soon as eighteen-year-old Brian Clarks alarm clock goes off, prepping and primping allow take place for the next hour-and-a-half. Regardless of school, work, rain, or shine, Brian always has to dress to impress. With his red tight shirt, blue fit jeans, black star belt, red shades, and suddenly gelled hair, Brian can now be seen in public. As a daily routine, Brian must do his therapy by looking in the mirror and chanting against his will, I love you Brian. You are beautiful. Having to admit to yourself and your family that you are gay is the hardest thing you will ever have to do in your career. When one enters Brians room the assuasive aroma of mens cologne, cool water fills the air. The immaculate, perfectly ordered room will catch a persons eye. Neatly tacked to the wall, posters of Aaliyah, rally Hartnet, and I Love L ucy draw ones attention. Beautifully stacked and organized, fashion design magazines lie in the shelf by month and year. imprint frames sit proportioned next to each other on top of the dust-free desk. Brians closet is full of freshly pressed shirts and pants with the label dry killing on the bag. Although Brian shares a room with his little sister, Sarah, she chooses to live out of their closet and sleep in the living room. After fighting over who gets the closet dummy and bathroom time, my sister decided to let me have the room to myself, Brian states casually. I feel bad at times, but I guess she realizes how tough it is for me to move up up gay. Let the best man win he declares with a great chuckle. For Brian, growing up and having to live a lie was painful, furthermore humiliating. I have always known that Im gay, Brian states nonchalantly. The moment I could logically think, I knew I was different. Brian strokes the side of his hair with his fingers while stating, All of my life Ive felt like a girl inside. When I was little, if a person closed their eyes and listened to my voice they would have mistaken me for a girl.