Judaism, Islam, and Christianity Essay - 1687 Words

Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are some of the religions that most individuals can relate to, being the three largest religions in the world. Like many religions they share many differences and also some similarities. One difference that these religions hold is their view of Jesus Christ. Similarities are surprisingly common to find among some religions because of the basis they put on one another. Some similarities between these religions include: belief of monotheism and the influence of Zoroastrianism had on each religion. Also another similarity carried out by these three religions would be the significance of Abraham. Some other differences include: religious texts and also how they approach God in prayer. One similarity that has†¦show more content†¦Cit. p. 29. (Ritz). Through Zoroastrianism these religions set up the basis for many of their ideals like heaven and hell, judgment, everlasting life, etc. without Zoroastrianism as there basis they would never share the commonality or universal theme throughout them all which is the afterlife. Although they may not agree on where they go, they do agree that there is life after death which never would have been a commonality between the three without the influence of Zoroastrianism. Jesus Christ is seen in each one of these religions, but how he is seen and portrayed varies greatly from one religion to the next. Christians believe that Jesus came to earth and died on the cross for our sins. This then led to the creation of the New Testament, which was written by many of his disciples. This is where Judaism and Christianity started to have controversy because those of the Jewish faith did not believe that Jesus was the messiah. The adding of the New Testament is where Christians and Jews are set to never agree. Those of the Islamic faith, like Christians, believe Jesus was born from the Virgin Mary. Rather than God they believe that Allah sent Jesus to teach scriptures, but also believe that humans have scoured the word over the years. Also the Islam faith believes that he was alive when God called him to heaven. This is not true in theShow MoreRelatedJudaism, Christianity, And Islam992 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism, Christianity and Islam are three of the most r ecognized monotheistic religions worldwide. These religions are often referred to as the Abrahamic religions because of their history to the founding father, Abraham. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are closely related with varying differences. Christianity was born from within the Jewish tradition, and Islam developed from both Christianity and Judaism. We take a look at some of the major similarities and major differences of these widely practicedRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, and Islam1538 Words   |  6 PagesJudaism, Christianity and Islam Christianity and Islam are the most influential religions in the world. Judaism has only fourteen million followers across the continents which makes Judaism the 12th largest religion. Although Judaism is not as large as Christianity and Islam, It still has an impact on the world. Prophet Abraham is the called in Islam the father of all prophets and because of that, sometimes Christianity, Islam and Judaism are called Abrahamic Religions. There are many known differencesRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam1052 Words   |  5 PagesAubrey Fletcher 3/9/15 Humanities Professor Michaud 417868 Judaism, Christianity, and Islam There are roughly 4,200 different religions in the world today, among them the largest are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These three religions are more similar then one would think. Christianity is the largest religion in the world with 2 billion followers and are called Christians. Islam is the second largest religion in the world with 1.3 billion followers. They are called Muslims, which means â€Å"oneRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam875 Words   |  4 Pageshave believed in a higher power or powers. Christianity, Islam and Judaism, the three most dominant religions are no different. They are all Monotheistic meaning they believe in one sole higher power or God. Though they share this common idea and many other similarity, they have many distinct features of their own that make them different as a whole. Many past religions have believed in the idea of multiple gods, Polytheism. Judaism, Christianity and Islam believe in one Supreme creator, MonotheismRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Judaism1636 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity, Islam, and Judaism All three religions believe and worship the same God but they do it in different ways. Judaism happens to be the oldest religion today but they don’t have an official creed. They aim to teach you about God, the Messiah, human beings, and the universe which makes Jewish beliefs very important to them. But it is important to understand that being Jewish is more of a race and culture than it is a religion. Some Jewish people may have no interest in Judaism. Judaism hasRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam1679 Words   |  7 Pages Completely Different but Surprisingly Similar Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all three different religions that many may not think can even be compared. At a glance, the religions are derived from different locations, the members of the religions look and act different, and some of the widely known practices are what make the religions so distinct. However, they are more similar than most people think. In the core of the three religions, many of their beliefs and practices show to be extremelyRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Judaism Essay1967 Words   |  8 PagesChristianity, Islam, and Judaism represent the three most influential religions in the world throughout history. Judaism is, however, not as widespread as both Islam and Christianity, but it still has a profound impact in the world. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are also known as the Abrahamic religions because their history is traced to the ancient individual, Abraham who is first referred to in the Hebrew Bible. There are many similarities as well as some differences between these religionsRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam902 Words   |  4 Pagesmost famous three religions -People of the book- are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Judaism is the oldest organized religion in the world; however, it only has 14 million followers around the world most of them centered in North America and Israel. Christianity, came after Judaism and have two billion believers around the world, and that’s about one third of the world population. Finally, Islam came after Judaism and Christianity. Even though Islam came afterwards, it spread quickly around the worldRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthat keeps many people going in life but at the same time, the same reason our world has so many problems and has been torn apart. Through studying the main tenets in call, Judaism, Christianity and Islam were analyzed for weeks. Christianity and Islam take the cake for the two biggest religions in today’ s population however, Judaism plays the smallest role. These three religions, although different, are easily able to be compared and contrasted because of all of the history and information we have attainedRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam1087 Words   |  5 PagesJudaism, Christianity, and Islam are among the best known and most widely practiced religions today, and have had enormous cultural, ideological, and historical impact on the peoples of every continent. Arguably more so than any other ideological systems, Abrahamic religion has been among the most influential forces in human history. The shared elements of their traditions have allowed them to develop in part through a multi-faceted dialogue with each other. These faiths, despite sharing a common

Capitalism, Liberalism And Marxism Leninism - 1486 Words

Since the dawning of man and the discovery of wealth there has been one large question to concept of wealth; how do I get more? In the world of economics there are several theories and approaches but the three main powerhouses that have either stood the test of time or paved the way for economic revolutions are Mercantilism, Liberalism and Marxism-Leninism. Each of these economic theories have great strengths in their own rights but are of course not without great limitations. While there is no such thing as an inherently perfect economic and political system it is quite obvious that some come closer to the mark than others. Mercantilism has been nicknamed the economics of absolution. Mercantilism is the theory that a countries power depends mainly on its wealth, the power to build large and formidable navies and lastly the control and purchase of vital trade goods and routes. The two main ways to increase a countries wealth is to obtain as much gold and silver as possible and to est ablish a favorable balance of trade that sells more goods than it has to buy. In Mercantilism buying more than you are selling will lead to an unfavorable balance which will lead to a national dept. Europe in early history utilized mercantilism which lead to the creation of colonies. The soul purpose of a colony is to support and benefit the mother country. A good example of this is North America, North America had untapped raw resources such as minerals, metals and trees; it is worth notingShow MoreRelatedPopular political Ideologies in the 20th Century: A brief Study of popular 20th Century political trends.1367 Words   |  6 Pagesproclaim to be superior next to all others; the fact is that all worldviews have failings and merits and specific purposes. I will discuss the following Political Ideologies; Marxist/Communist, Leninist/Stalinist, Progressive/Socialist, Classic Liberalism/Capitalism, and Neo-conservative. All of the above mentioned P.I has come to the forefront of thi s discussion because they have been the dominant forces since the second industrial revolution or what we have come to understand as â€Å"modern times†. TheseRead MoreDoes Neo-Liberalism or Neo-Marxism Provide the Most Credible Account of International Politics? (the Answer Should Discuss with the Reference to the Films â€Å"Independence Day â€Å"and the New Rulers of the World.2635 Words   |  11 PagesDoes Neo-Liberalism Or Neo-Marxism Provide The Most Credible Account Of International Politics? (The Answer Should Discuss With the Reference to the Films â€Å"Independence Day â€Å"And the New Rulers of the World. Name: Course: Instructor: Date: The significance of neo-Marxism and Marxism, as theories shaping world development, has been subjected to a great deal of debates, particularly after the end of the Cold War. HoweverRead MoreGlobalization and the International Political Economy Essay3605 Words   |  15 PagesRealism, Liberalism, Marxism and the Phenomenon of Global Integration Introduction Various theories and perspectives have been proposed by theorists and international relations observers in explaining International Political Economy (IPE). The most salient among these perspectives are Realism, Liberalism, and Marxism. These paradigms or ways of looking at IPE enables international relations students to study the forces at work in the international realm and analyze how these factorsRead MoreThe Cold War : American Liberalism Vs. Soviet Communism1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War - was at its root a battle of ideas: American liberalism vs. Soviet Communism. The two ideologies clashed at their very nature, which led to deep mistrust and fear of the unknown about the unpredictability of the other. The two world powers simply could not exist without conflict. As a result, The United States of America took measures to prevent the worst: war. The steps the U.S.A took to quench the possibility of war separated the world even more, as they gave aid to some count riesRead MoreEssay on The Dictators1735 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents ultra-liberalism. Because these two were so ideologically extreme on the right and left ends of the political spectrum respectively, in fact, the wrapped all the way around, so to speak, so that they were not actually that far from each other ideologically after all. So, the question is: if the ideology of the two regimes was so different, why then were there so many similarities? What really tied them together was the rejection of the same prevalent doctrine: liberalism (Overy 639). Read MoreWho is Fidel Castro?2567 Words   |  10 Pagesforces. Fidel Castro escaped the mass arrest. Though the mission turned out to be a failure, it did, strengthen Castro’s popularity as he went on to openly protest against the government wrongdoings. By the end of the 1940s Fidel Castro was exposed to Marxism, which he would admit in saying has been one of his greatest influences politically and socially. Fidel Cas tro came to a conclusion that corrupt politicians and the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie was Cuba’s problem. Castro began his legal practiceRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Ideologies in Fukuyama ´s The End of History2534 Words   |  11 Pagesman’s quest has been a subconscious search for all of his needs to be satisfied and conflicts resolved. All of human’s behaviors in the material world are therefore a result of their consciousness. In Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, the economic theory that suggested that man is a rational profit-maximize is disproven. It was believed that high wages meant increased labor productivity, but in reality, a peasant would value leisure more than income, and therefore work lessRead MoreTheories of International Politics2076 Words   |  8 PagesRealism, Liberalism, and Marxism-Leninism (Radicalism). What are the major differences between these perspectives? How do these three theories differ in their analysis of globalization (what explains it, who benefits from it, etc.)? Realism, Liberalism, and Radicalism offer three very different ideas to International Political Economy. They differ for many reasons, such as the winners and loser, poor vs. richer country gain, free market ideas, and the effects of globalization due to capitalism. TheRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand the more general rise of passport and systematic immigration laws after World War I.19 Restrictions on international migration in the 1920s heralded the retrenchment of economic liberalism into greater isolation and autarky that characterized the next two decades. And the later revival of global liberalism (after 1950 and more worldwide after 1990) did not stop the multiplication of migration controls, the proliferation of identity documents, and ever more complex laws to sift and select

Catcher in the Rye Deconstruction free essay sample

Some consider Caulfield a symbol innocence, and its loss as an inevitable step towards the transition to adulthood. So a question arises; is Holden really worthy of all this hype? Is he a protector of innocence and a shining beacon of hope for teen misfits in a cold, dark world? To put it simply, no. His innocence, and protection thereof, is not entirely sound. Holden is hardly the epitome of virtue, nor is he an exemplary example of the passage to adulthood. As a character, he is hypocritically cynical and whiningly lonesome. Holden Caulfield is about as inspiring as a pinkie toe. Main character aside, the idea of all children being innocent until unavoidably corrupted by the adult world is false. Holden lacks innocence and success in life, and his entire purpose in life is a lie, meaning he must conform or he will suffer the pitiful remainder of his life in dissatisfaction. Throughout the course of The Catcher in the Rye, it becomes obvious that Holden Caulfield is uncomfortable with the notion of sex. He talks about it constantly, to the point it becomes vexatious, but sex clearly scares him. When discussing girls he really likes, Holden shows that he cant have intimate or sexual relationships with them: You never wanted to kid Jane too much. I think I really like it best when the opportunity arises, but its a funny thing. The girls I like best are the one I never feel much like kidding (p 79). One might argue that Holdens viewpoint is refreshing and a great display of righteous morals. Caulfields mindset shows that he views sex as objectifying and demeaning, and is virtuous enough that he would never treat a nice girl in such a manner. However, the fact that Holden would need to objectify a woman in order to have sex is atrocious, not commendable. From the mind of a child, sex might be gross or a weird adult thing, but never demeaning. The fact that Holden would lead a girl on while he hates her, is extremely inconsiderate: Then just to show you how crazy I am, when we were coming out of this big clinch, I told her I loved her and all. It was a lie, of course, but the thing is, I meant it when I said it. Im crazy. I swear to God I am (p 125). Some might argue that Holden genuinely cares for Sally, but he described his feelings for her quite clearly in an earlier chapter: She gave me a pain in the ass, but she was good looking (p 106). Holden Caulfield is not so respectful to women that he can not stand to take advantage of them, on the contrary, he is so degrading towards women that he needs to view them as objects to derive pleasure from them. Altogether, Caulfield is not an example of virtuous morals or childlike behaviour. Holden Caulfields greatest desire is to defend innocents from the evil corruption of immoral adults. He compares this task to a catcher in the rye: What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff I mean if theyre running and they dont look where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all (p 173). Holdens aspiration, while quite noble, is delusional. He is extremely biased in his view of children, regarding them with an unhealthy admiration. Conversely, an adult can do nothing wrong, and still unleash Holdens hatred. For instance, he sees a woman crying at an sentimental movie, and instantly labels her as a phony. He believes she could not possibly be genuinely emotional, as she fails to take her child to the bathroom: The part that got me was, there was a lady sitting next to me that cried all through the goddam picture. The phonier it got, the more she cried. Youd have thought she did it because she was kindhearted as hell, but I was sitting right next to her, and she wasnt. She had this little kid with her that was bored as hell and had to go to the bathroom, but she wouldnt take him. She kept telling him to sit and behave himself. She was about as kindhearted as a goddam wolf (p 139). Holden never considered that the child might have been mischievous or apathetic, or that an adult could legitimately feel sadness. His outlook on life blinds him from reality. Later on, when Holden went to his sisters school and found fuck you written on the wall. In his mind, children are completely incapable of committing immoral acts, and the only probable vandal had to be an evil adult that snuck in: Somebodyd written Fuck you on the wall. It drove me damn near crazy. I thought how Phoebe and all the other little kids would see it, and how theyd wonder what it meant, and then finally some dirty kid would tell them all cockeyed, naturally, what it meant, and how theyd all think about it and maybe even worry about it for a couple of days. I kept wanting to kill whoeverd written it. I figured it was some perverty bum thatd sneaked in the school late at night to take a leak or something and then wrote it on the wall (p 201). In all likelihood, a child from the school, not a perverty bum, was the culprit that defaced the walls. Additionally, Holden Caulfield is unable to find any good adults who are clearly worthy of admiration. Anyone talented at a certain skill is marked as phony: If you do something too good, then, after a while, if you dont watch it, you start showing off. And then youre not as good anymore (p 126). In the end, neither adults nor children are innocent, yet both are far from being evil. Salingers famous novel receives praise for its illustration of a difficult transition into adulthood. However, no proof exists of Holdens maturity, nor of any childlike innocence. He is depicted smoking, swearing, lying, propositioning prostitutes, delivering hypocritical judgement, and constantly fantasizing about sex, among many others. At the end of the novel, however, Holden appears to be writing from a mental hospital trying to reshape his life. Yet there is no indication that Holden has learned to conform, or set aside his delusions about the world. If The Catcher in the Rye does not indicate that adulthood is the cause of corruption, nor does it demonstrate hope for troubled teens, what is it trying to tell us? Well, in the end, the novel protests delusions and nonconformity. Holden Caulfields lack of willingness to leave behind his ideal of innocence causes his depression and failure. Why would he want to find a place in an adult world of corruption and malice? On the other hand, Holden does not belong in an innocent and virtuous world of children. Therein lies the heart of his troubles. Until Holden Caulfield can set aside his delusions, and accept the world as it is, he is doomed.

What Are The Advantages and Disadvantages of Brand Stretching Essay Example

What Are The Advantages and Disadvantages of Brand Stretching Paper In addressing the above question it is first important to establish what a brand is and the implications this gives to both existing products and products that may be laundered using existing titles. This essay will examine articles written concerning the stretching of brands and identify which brands have been successful and unsuccessful in this pursuit and why. It will also examine the financial motives for companies to penetrate existing markets using already established new products or services has lead to prosperity or disaster. The American Marketing Association refer to branding as the use of a name, a term, a symbol or a design to identify the goods or services of one seller and to distinguish them from those of the competition (WK4 Lecture). This use of branding is said to create an identity of the product that quickly allows consumers to identify a desired item and also gives a guarantee of quality of the product. Branding is also seen as being mutually beneficial to Manufacturers as protection is offered from competition, it allows maintenance of a premium price, promotion is made more efficient because the brand helps to evoke an image, and it also helps in the introduction of new products with the same brand name (WK4 Lectures). We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Advantages and Disadvantages of Brand Stretching specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Advantages and Disadvantages of Brand Stretching specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Advantages and Disadvantages of Brand Stretching specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer King (1971 p.3/4) writes of the rise of power of manufacturers by branding their products, thus taking control of the market from the wholesalers, by allowing retailers and consumers to more easily identify products they wanted. This process was moved further forward by manufacturers creating direct links with the buying public through the use of advertising. King states that the basic motive for this was to stabilise demand, thus allowing regular large-scale production, free from the whims of the wholesaler. Partly because of this the advertising tended to be based on the idea of reliability and guaranteed quality. (1971 p.3). It was due to such strategies (according to King) that the manufacturers dominated the market from about 1900 to 1960. However since the 1960s the market has turned a full cycle, returning control to the retailers (although maybe not so much to the wholesalers). This is illustrated by Caulkin (1987) who states that over the last two or three decades there has been a massive shift in the balance of power form manufacturing towards the retail end of the economy (p.46). This Caulkin states, is particularly notable in food and fast moving consumers goods. Large supermarkets such as Tescos, Asda and Sainsbury started to implement own-label goods which over time sharply reduced the manufacturers share of the market within only a few exceptions (such as baked beans and pet food) (Caulkin 1987). In an attempt to combat what is discussed above many manufacturers are returning to what was described in an article in the Economist 10/90 as an old standby of marketing; brand-stretching (p.105). This based on the principle of using an existing established brand name to help the launch of new products into the market. However, the potential for this sort of practice is said not to be unlimited. Peter Philips of CPC International commented in the Economist article If you get brand-stretching right , you can travel further for less money. If your get it wrong, you risk weakening the core values of the original product (10/90 p.105). Although it is important to note that stretched brands have a better chance of survival than new brands, OC and C found that, of products launched by the same multinational six years ago, only about 30% of new brands exist today while over 50% of stretched ones do (10/90 p.105). With statistics such as these, one can see that it indeed may be advantageous to a company to exploit its name in the promotion of new products and when expanding into new markets. The Economist article stresses the popularity of brand-stretching in the areas of food and drink. Advantages may also be sought when one considers the point made above that the cost of promoting new products with already established brand names, which is said to be considerably cheaper. The Economist article (10/90) points out that promotional costs for stretched brands are in fact 36% cheaper when compared to completely new products. This is presumable due to the public already having an awareness of the brand name, so the only real cost incurred is raising awareness of the existence of the product itself. The use of a brand name also implies assurance of quality (King 1971). It may further be considered that the use of a brand name on its own may persuade people to try new products, such as the Mars Ice Cream Bar. This may be considered in particular when one looks at the larger supermarket chains such as Sainsburys. Over the last two decades Sainsburys have produced own brands to compete with nearly every product that they stock. Due to the image conveyed by Sainsburys that implies (or in fact, guarantees) quality, it has been possible for them to penetrate nearly all areas of the food market successfully. This success may be attributed to the analysis of what a product is as defined by Nickels (1978). Nickels sees a product as an intangible sense of value that a consumer perceives when he or she weighs the benefits and drawbacks of making an exchange. It may therefore be viewed that the success of Sainsburys is mainly due to the consumer seeing little difference in quality between branded goods and Sainsburys own label goods, with Sainsburys holding th e advantage when price is considered. This point is reiterated by Caulkin (1987), who states that growing public perception that the best own-brands are no longer cheap alternatives to the real thing, but comparable in quality as well as price with the main manufacturers lines. The phenomenon of brand-stretching has not been unique to the manufacturing and retail sectors, but has in fact been used by those in the sector of public service. Nickels cites areas, such public libraries that have sought the advantages of brand-stretching. He refers to increased success of libraries that reconsidered what to offer by viewing the service they provide from the perspective of the public. This has resulted in a marked change of service in some American libraries which now provide services such as the loaning of domestics pets, childrens toys and the provision of music rooms and access to such things as a printing press, (1978 p.195). Nickels continues to state that the product of a library today may be anything that will satisfy the needs of selected market segments Libraries are much more successful today because they have designed their products to fit the needs of people (1978 p.196). It can therefore be seen that brand-stretching can be of great advantage when a n eed or area of market penetration is correctly recognised. However, when a company seeks the advantages of brand stretching, they must take great care to ensure that they get it right. The Economist article (10/90) points out that brands are not endlessly elastic. Stretching can also undermine the credibility of the original product. Consumers may not believe that the new product shares any of the cachet or characteristics of the old, or they may simply forget what was attractive about the original item, (10/90 p.105). However, when one considers this comment, it may well be true to say that not all stretched brands will be successful, but that does not seem to generally render original brands obsolete. If one is to consider the failure of David Hunter, (a stretch by Levis), it does not seem to of had an adverse effect on Levis. The problem seems to have aroused simply due to the manner that the stretched brand was marketed, i.e. those who bought classic tailored clothes would not buy them form Levis and not vice versa. It seems more simply, that it was inappropriate for Levis to have used their name to penetrate this particular market. This story seems to be reiterated by Van Den Burghs and Jargons low calorie salad dressing that failed using the name of flora. This, however does not seem to have harmed flora margarine in its place of market leader. It should be noted though that it is felt by many in the field of marketing that a failed product could cause disastrous effects for established products. Prof. Birger Wernerfelt of the MIT Sloan School of Management stated in the Economist article that Umbrella branding means putting up the reputation of the old product as a bond for the quality of the new one (10/90 p. 105). However in the field of well established brands, stretching by own-brand manufacturers has not been so successful. Items such as baked beans are said to have made little headway and that Heinz still hold half the share of the market. The same is said to also apply to pet foods, with Mars Pedigree Pet Foods not having been toppled form their No 1 spot (1987 p.47). A further point that has been made concerning brand stretching as a disadvantageous pursuit was made by Messrs Al Ries and Jack Trout (Citied in the Economist 10/90 p.106). In their book Bottom Up Marketing they argue that by companies widening their products, (even those who have been successful) they have hurt their brand equity. This they attribute to the nature of communication in Western Society being so large that they feel that, you are lucky if your brand can mean one thing. Almost never can it mean two or three things, (10/90 p.106). Thus confusing consumers of an established image of original brands. From the above discussion it can be seen that brand-stretching can be a good way of penetrating new markets. by good use of an established brand name considerable savings can be made in the field of promotion, as there is already an existence of brand awareness so promotion can more easily be centred around the product itself, with the added bonus that consumers may feel more inclined to give an initial trail of products displaying brand names they already know, ( such as the Mars Ice Cream Bar). This too is now the case with established own-brand labels, such as Sainsburys which offer marginally cheaper prices of products now perceived to be of equal quality to that of established brands. However inappropriate stretches, or those which do not offer good quality products have a danger of undermining the credibility of already established brands. Although from the research this sort of practice on the whole seems to lead to failure of the stretched brand, generally leaving the origina l in tact.